DNA

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a self-replicating molecule found in every living organism.
It serves as the carrier of genetic information, holding the instructions needed for organisms to develop, grow, survive, and reproduce.
DNA’s role is influenced by external factors such as lifestyle, environment, and nutrition.
Although most DNA resides in the cell’s nucleus, a small portion can also be found in mitochondria, which help produce energy for cell function.
Remarkably, almost every cell in the human body contains the same DNA.

Sugar (deoxyribose) & Phosphate forms the backbone of the DNA molecule.
The nitrogenous bases of opposite DNA strands form hydrogen bonds, creating the “rungs” of the ladder.
DNA consists of two strands that run in opposite directions and are helically twisted into a right-handed coil.
Each coil turn contains ten nucleotides, with a pitch of 3.4 nm and a distance of 0.34 nm between consecutive base pairs.

DNA coils up to form chromosomes; each chromosome holds a single DNA molecule.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell’s nucleus.
DNA plays a critical role in cell division.

1869: Friedrich Miescher, a German biochemist, first observed DNA, then called “nuclein.”
1953: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the DNA double-helix structure, revolutionizing our understanding of biological information.
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their contributions. Franklin, though essential to the discovery, was not included.

1866: Gregor Mendel, the “Father of Genetics,” proposed that characteristics are passed down between generations.
1881: Albrecht Kossel identified DNA as a nucleic acid and named the nitrogen bases essential for DNA and RNA.
1902: Sir Archibald Garrod’s work linked Mendel’s theories to human diseases, laying the groundwork for understanding genetic disorders.
1944: Oswald Avery demonstrated that DNA, not proteins, is the key to genetic transformation.
1951: Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography images provided crucial evidence of DNA’s helical structure.

DNA sequencing technology enables researchers to determine the exact order of bases in a DNA sequence.
In 2000, scientists completed the first full sequence of the human genome, a milestone in genetic research.

Advancements in DNA research hold great potential for addressing major health challenges like disease, improving precision medicine, and extending human lifespans.
Gene therapy aims to introduce genetic material to correct abnormal genes, offering new treatment options for genetic disorders.
DNA sequencing technology is used in combating diseases and improving nutritional security.
Personalized medicine, informed by genetic insights, is transforming healthcare by offering tailored prevention strategies and treatments.

Individuals can now participate in research by sharing their DNA data through platforms like LunaDNA.
Contributing health data can accelerate scientific discoveries and improve the quality of life for future generations.